dekay's brown snake ohio. The main differences between a copperhead and a Dekay’s brown snake are that copperheads are larger, have hourglass banding patterns, and are venomous. dekay's brown snake ohio

 
 The main differences between a copperhead and a Dekay’s brown snake are that copperheads are larger, have hourglass banding patterns, and are venomousdekay's brown snake ohio  These snakes are 15 to 20 inches long and have brown to black bodies with three yellowish stripes along their body

GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. 131K subscribers in the whatsthissnake community. Storeria dekayi, commonly known as the brown snake or De Kay's snake, is a small species of snake in the family Colubridae. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. DeKay’s Brown Snake Price. Crickets are also a good source of exercise for corn snakes. Dekay’s [email protected] bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) Dekay’s Brownsnake (Storeria dekayi) They grow to be around a foot in length, and they are reasonably habitat adaptable. Rudy Mancke served as naturalist and co-host of South Carolina ETV's NatureScene,. 0-40. Dekay’s Brown Snake. Box 219, Whitney, Ontario K0J 2M0 Canada; e-mail: david. It always has two parallel rows of small dark spots bordering a lighter wide stripe down the back. Ohio’s four most common nonvenomous snakes. The most important piece of snake safety advice I can offer is to leave snakes alone. None of the ones you see for sell are CB. It is usually brown but may be red or gray on the back with an area in the middle of the back lighter than the sides. Dekay's Brownsnake Storeria dekayi. 0-40. Status: Northern Brown Snake ( Storeria dekayi dekayi) is a widespread snake of modest size, able to survive in a wide range of habitat conditions. HARMLESS. DeKay’s Brown Snake. Their terrarium should instead be furnished with a mixture of a rainforest-type reptile substrate such as Zoo Med Forest Floor Bedding, coco-husk or aspen. A dekay's brown snake. Brown snakes have specialized jaws to remove snails from their shells. Brown snakes are also called Dekay’s brown snakes. When it comes to their diet, brown snakes primarily feed on a variety of invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, snails, and soft-bodied insects. Dekay’s/brown snakes are harmless to humans. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. dekayi), which occurs in the southeastern quarter of the state (where the two subspecies interbreed as well). DeKay's brownsnakes are small and have keeled scales. Locked post. Science Analytics and Synthesis Program. (37. The experts of Brody Brothers Pest Control share information and tips to follow if you see a northern brown snake in Maryland around your house or business. The Black racer (Coluber c. A. Snake Safety 101. A DeKay's brown snake is a colubrid (constrictor) and about a foot long. It’s a nonvenomous member of the Colubridae family, like garter snakes and king snakes. Garter snakes are long, thin, and nearly everywhere in North America. Collinsorum 3: 20-27. dekayi ), is the only North American snake to survive in abundance in densely populated regions. Average Length: 9 - 13 in. The species is widely distributed over most of the northeastern. A vertical dark bar a short distance behind the eye is a key identifying mark. Adults may be 9 ″ to 18 ″ in length at maturity, though they average 12 ″ and are rarely more than 15 ″ in length. They are small snakes, averaging between 10 and 20 inches in length, and are brown or tan in color with dark brown or black markings. 77cm) natricine snakes often found in disturbed habitats like urban and suburban yards. 3 billion mammals. Pale tan or light brown below; Black vertical streak on side of head behind eye; Dorsal scales keeled (longitudinal raised ridge along midline of each scale) Juveniles darker than adults with light band across neck, sometimes confused with young ring-necked snake and red-bellied snake ; Back to top. Brown snakes also have proportionally smaller heads and proportionally smaller eyes (you'll notice they're much smaller when compared to a common garter snake of similar length). Basic description. While all snake bites and sightings should be taken seriously, it’s important to be able to tell non-venomous vs venomous snakes apart. What is a brown snake in Ohio? Dekay’s Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi) They are also found under logs and rocks in a variety of natural habitats. 9-45. Storeria dekayi. Background and Range: The Dekay's brownsnake is found throughout Connecticut, and its population is currently considered secure in the state. ) Description: This small gray, tan, or brown snake is usually under 20 inches (51 cm) in length when full grown. Some individuals may have a light colored stripe that travels along the spine. 7-16 inches long. Dekay's Brownsnake. A particularly small brown snake in Pennsylvania is Dekay’s brownsnake which is only 9 to 13 inches long. A forum community dedicated to Ohio’s fishers and enthusiasts. Common Name. Species: A. There are two subspecies of Dekay’s brown snakes in Tennessee. Adult Male Everglades Ratsnake $ 149. 0-40. Dekay’s brown snakes are a species of nonvenomous snakes native to North America. Total length: 22. Range: Most of Wisconsin, except several northcentral counties. 🌳 Typically found hiding under – Hollow logs, rock crevices, unused animal burrows. brown . Scientific Name Storeria dekayi Range Everywhere Except Some Areas of Southwest Virginia Also Called De Kay's Snake, Dekay's Brownsnake. 7. Which, until public complaints stopped the plan in 2017, was going to be the location of the timber rattlesnake colony. The Northern and midland brownsnakes are almost identical in coloration. They reach modest lengths of 10-15 inches, do very well in captivity, are are non-aggressive. Found in moist woodland and woodland edge. James Ellsworth De Kay,. Ohio is inhabited by a mixed population of Northern and Midland Brownsnakes. Red-bellied snakes live mostly in wooded areas. The Dekay's brownsnake can be found throughout most of Oklahoma, with the exception of the panhandle and the southwestern corner of the state. The Dekay’s brownsnake is a very small snake that’s usually no more than 15 inches (38 cm) long. Adults usually. Northern Brown (DeKay’s) Snake (Storeria dekayi dekayi) Identification: 9" - 20 3/4". They usually have two rows of dark spots, sometimes linked, along the back and a dark streak down the side of the head. The only North American snake named after not one, but two people in its binomial scientific name, Dekay’s brown snake’s scientific name is Storeria dekayi and honors James Ellsworth De Kay and David Humphreys Storer. The belly of the brown snake. DeKay’s Brownsnake eats them. The center of the back is typically lighter in color. Its belly is gray to pink and can have small black spots. Tan or brown above with a pale band down the back. The young have a light band on the neck like the Northern ringneck snake, (see next column) but brown snakes have rough scales. Dekay’s brown snakes are found everywhere in Georgia, with the exception of high mountainous regions. Discover Petco's live pet snakes for sale and find the right serpent to slither into your heart. They are one of the most commonly encountered snakes in eastern North America and make good pest control as they feast on small, soft-bodied invertebrates. There may be a faint pale collar just behind the head. A double row of small black spots usually runs the length of the back, sometimes connected by fine lines. List of non-venomous snakes in Ohio. It was the American zoologist James Ellsworth De Kay who first spotted and collected this species in Long Island. Kevin Hood of Louisiana Sportsman in an article entitled, “Snake I. Ohio’s four most common nonvenomous snakes. Read More. Storeria dekayi. legros@ontario. They are probably the most common snake in my area, and I have found at least fifteen in my yard in the past. The Dekay’s brown snake in New York is harmless. Storeria dekayi. Dekay’s Brown Snake. This includes not purchasing common species collected from the wild and sold cheaply in pet stores or through online retailers, like Thamnophis Ribbon and Gartersnakes, Opheodrys Greensnakes, Xenopeltis Sunbeam Snakes and Dasypeltis Egg-Eating Snakes. Download Dekays Brown Snake stock photos. Adult Dekay’s brown snake only reach 13 inches in length making them easy to handle. 1. It’s a brown snake, also known as DeKay’s snake, named for the pioneering New York naturalist James E. 99 Add to cart. comm. The belly is yellow and may or may not have markings. They have shiny black scales on their back and a light colored belly, and their throat and chin are white. These snakes grow to 13 inches and they can be a lot smaller as adults. Dekay’s Brown Snake Wade Gossage 2022-06-29T10:49:55-04:00. Dekay’s Brownsnake Storeria dekayi. 9 cm) #16. The Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon) Learn about the diversity and ecology of reptiles in Ohio with this comprehensive field guide. 15. Its back and sides range in color from gray to yellowish brown, brown or reddish-brown. These range maps are created by attributing sub-watershed polygons with information of a species presence, origin, seasonal and reproductive use. There is usually a tan stripe running down the back, bordered by 2 rows of small brown spots. The dekay’s brown snake is known for its dark brown color and its white or yellow belly. Mojave Rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) – One of the World’s Most Venomous Snakes 11/18/2020 08/26/2021. ©yhelfman/Shutterstock. Common Common watersnake: Nerodia sipedon: Least concern Common DeKay's brown snake: Storeria dekayi: Least concern Common Eastern foxsnake: Pantherophis vulpinus: Least concern Common Eastern. The Dekay’s Brown Snake. com 100,132 People. 9 in. The Amazing Dekays Earth Snake . 11. A population of Dekay’s Brownsnake, Storeria dekayi was studied using mark-recapture techniques in Erie County, Pennsylvania, USA during the spring, summer and autumn of 2012. . Dekay's Brownsnake. Brownsnakes even adapt to city life. Their scientific name is Storeria dekayi. Timber rattlesnakes also have a southern. 1. 5 inches. The Dorsal area between the black spots is often a bit lighter in color than the sides. Head slightly wider than neck, keeled scales, round pupils. Conservation status. Dekay’s Brownsnakes have a brown to grayish-brown dorsum. The brown snake or brownsnake (Storeria dekayi) sometimes known as Dekay’s brown snake is a small non-venomous colubrid snake found in North and Central America. Find Dekays brown snake stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. This is a small brown snake. Earth Snake, Eastern Smooth. Whether you are a wildlife enthusiast, a student, or a teacher, this field guide will help you identify and appreciate the reptiles of Ohio. Lacks external ears. Dekay's Brownsnake (Formerly Brown Snake) NONVENOMOUS Scientific Name: Storeria dekayi Family: Natricidae. They mainly prey on earthworms and slugs. FEATURES DeKay's brownsnake averages nine to 13 inches in length. , 1974; Collins, 1993) found four Dekay's Brownsnakes together in a winter retreat approximately 30. Adults have a faint light stripe running down the middle of the back that is boarded on both sides by parallel rows of small black spots, which may be connected across the. Phillips. Adult snakes are usually only around 9-14 inches. Appearance. July 16, 2015. Ring-necked Snake135K subscribers in the whatsthissnake community. . Connecticut is home to 15 species of snakes and only two are venomous. They are named after an early Indiana naturalist, Amos Butler. The adults max-out at about a foot in length but may reach 20 inches. Coastal populations lack dark spots. Dekay’s brown snake is sometimes confused with garter snakes. L EGROS Algonquin Provincial Park, P. 5 cm (12 inches) below ground on 24 November in Shawnee County. The authoritative source on Reddit for your snake identification needs…Note Side to Side Swaying as a Defensive Behaviour in the Dekay’s Brown - snake ( Storeria dekayi ) DAVID L. Females are slightly larger than males. or . ? (Or even poking around vacant lots to find wild specimens, since I. This tiny snake rarely exceeds a foot in length, with the females being slightly larger than the males. Once a day is enough. The species doesn’t lay eggs, but instead the babies are born live and ready to go. They can survive and. Ring-Necked Snake. This snake is nocturnal and typically hides and in logs and under rocks. description. Brown Coloration. Two rows of small dark spots run lengthwise along. Feeding/Diet: They are frequent inhabitants of flowerbeds and eat slugs, earthworms, and snails. Habitat and Habits. From: $ 39. They are one of the most commonly encountered snakes in eastern North America and make good pest control as they feast on small, soft-bodied invertebrates. I have a dekays brown snake that is about one year old. It has also been known as the northern brownsnake. The most important piece of snake safety advice I can offer is to leave snakes alone. This is also one of the smallest species in the state with many adults reaching a maximum size of 12 inches. piscivorus. Brown snakes have 17 dorsal scale rows anteriorly and at midbody (15 in all other Storeria spp. Description. Similar Species: Kirtland's snake, Garter snakes. i_think_im_hilarious March 29, 2020, 6:46pm 1. It is fairly small, between 9-13” long, and is skittish and shy. 3. Family: Natricidae . Statistically, the chances of a risky encounter with a snake are slight. DeKay’s brown snake is a common semi-fossorial snake species found throughout eastern North America. They also usually have small brown spots on either. The Dekay brown snake feeds on garden pests. The belly is outlined with black flecks and is usually light brown but sometimes pinkish or tan. In North America, subspecies of the brownsnake. com. This snake may be found in environs ranging from forest to grassy fields or pastureland, and may utilize a wide variety of wetlands and riparian habitats. It always has two parallel rows of small dark spots bordering a faint, wide stripe down the back. W. Please post your rough…A Dekay’s brown snake doesn’t object to being handled, although you should give it space to keep it from getting stressed out. Type species: Tropidonotus dekayi HOLBROOK 1842 is the type species of the genus Storeria BAIRD & GIRARD 1853. Dekay’s / brown snake Storeria dekayi. I've been keeping a crested gecko for a couple years now, and I'd like to get a snake because I've enjoyed keeping the crested, so I want to expand my experience. Most have a row of small black dots on either side of the middle of the back that may be connected by dark lines. The brown snake is a fairly small snake that rarely exceeds 15 inches in length (Ditmars 1936). Dekay’s brownsnakes are light brown and have a lighter stripe along their back with black spots on. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. Brown Snake, Dekay's Latin name | Fast facts | Appearance | Range | Lifestyle | More information Latin name Storeria dekayi spp. services. Most will come in around $30 to $50 though some captive-bred breeders will charge more. Snakes are some of the most exotic and exciting reptile pets you can find for sale, and they make great cold-blooded companions for first-time and experienced parents alike. Of the thirty three Indiana snakes four get tagged as venomous snakes. This snake is the only one in North America whose binomial scientific name honors two. They eat mostly slugs, snails, and earthworms. These small snakes are most often found under logs searching for prey such as slugs and earthworms instead of. On this page, you can find an overview of snakes in Ohio. Virginia: 14: Virginia is home to harmless northern pine, red-bellied. The yellow phase has a series of dark brown or black chevron-shaped crossbands on a ground color of brownish yellow. 0-40. You can find more information, including a comprehensive list of commands, here report problems here and if you'd like to buy me a coffee or beer, you can do that here. Herpetological Bulletin 86:10-18. of Dekay’s Brownsnakes may include a combination of these behaviours and postures (Ernst and Ernst 2003; Rowell 2012; Gray. DeKay’s Brownsnakes are always brown or grayish-brown. Because they are tiny (under a foot long), can appear almost uniformly light brown, and do not have noticeable distinguishing features, many people do not recognize them and assume they are baby copperheads. 77cm) natricine snakes often found in disturbed habitats like urban and suburban yards. They are one of the most commonly encountered snakes in eastern North America and make good pest control as they feast on small, soft-bodied invertebrates. Brown snakes are shy and reclusive by nature, and make poor pets. Largest selection of captive bred reptiles for sale from breeders including pythons, boas, colubrids, lizards, geckos, amphibians and inverts. They can be found in forests,. Status: Northern Brown Snake ( Storeria dekayi dekayi) is a widespread snake of modest size, able to survive in a wide range of habitat conditions. Dorsal color can be gray, brown, or reddish-brown with 2 parallel rows of dark spots down the back (spots are connected by a narrow brown crossline in the Midland Brownsnake). The final. Description: A small, keel-scaled snake (9. If you have ever spent hours in a garden within their range, you have or will see this small snake. DeKay’s snakes hibernate in rock crevices and under rotting logs. HVAC fire reported at Wexford daycare center; no children, staff injured. On the midland brown snake, these spots are connected by dark crossbands. Copperheads and brown snakes are easily. Appearance: Two parallel rows of black spots down a yellowish-brown, gray, dark brown or reddish brown back. Dekay’s brownsnake, photo by C. (Or you can share it on social media, using this button. These nonvenomous, harmless snakes are why slugs don’t overrun your garden. The non-venomous DeKay’s brown snake hides among leaf litter, logs, loose stones or flat rocks, and is most active at night, especially during the hotter months of the summer. Related Topics Herpetology Zoology Biology Natural science Science comment sorted. Crypto. It was a beautiful day for a float trip down the Raccoon. Storeria dekayi !harmless. Adults and young have reddish brown colored bodies with dark brown spots. Gray, B. Dekay's Brownsnake. Sterilized garden or forest soil is also fine. They are one of the most commonly encountered snakes in eastern North America and make good pest control as they feast on small, soft-bodied invertebrates. Summary 5 Storeria dekayi, commonly known as the brown snake or De Kay's snake, is a small species of snake in the family Colubridae. Family: Colubridae. A double row of small black spots usually runs the length of the back, sometimes connected by fine lines. Dekay’s brownsnakes are light brown and have a lighter stripe along their back with black spots on either side of it. Snake adoption is a wonderful way to provide a Snake a second chance and caring environment. A massive one will measure 12 inches long, and the record is 19 3/8″. 2. The Dorsal area between the black spots is often a bit lighter in color than the sides. An Australian King Brown is a venomous elapid (same family as cobra and mamba), and an Eastern brown snake is also an elapid. Size. Box 219, Whitney, Ontario K0J 2M0 Canada; e-mail: [email protected] LeGros, David L. The dekay's brownsnake is a small snake with a dark brown or tan body and two rows of darker spots down its back. Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi) Durham, NC 10/2/08. Dekay’s brown snakes are brown with lighter-colored bellies. 2 pencil you hold in your hand. Dekay’s Brownsnake. Also known as the short-tailed kingsnake, this snake is a small, slender type of kingsnake that only grows to about 1 and a half feet long. 0cm record 52. They are usually grayish brown in color with black spots on their backs. DeKay’s Brown Snake Price. Algonquin Provincial Park, P. Read More. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. The baby snakes or hatchlings come out of the eggs during August and September. It’s frequently confused with several other snakes including Dekay’s Brown Snake and the Northern Red-bellied Snake, but its belly is what you’ll use to confirm its identity. Regina Septemvittata – Queen Snake. Dark streak or bar behind the eyes. Most pets arrive at shelters because the owner had to move, could no longer afford the pet, had a death in the family, or simply gave up the responsibly of being a care taker for a Snake. Box 219, Whitney, Ontario K0J 2M0 Canada; e-mail: david. Their primary prey items are earthworms, slugs, grubs, and beetles. They usually have two rows of dark spots, sometimes. Read More. It is similar to the Florida Brownsnake found in the peninsula, which has a dark spot below each eye. This common but secretive snake flourishes in developed and urban areas. com. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. Brown Snake, Dekay's Latin name | Fast facts | Appearance | Range | Lifestyle | More information Latin name Storeria dekayi spp. In winter, the Dekay's Brownsnake retreats beneath the ground and remains inactive. We have some wonderful Dekay’s snakes for sale at the lowest prices. Their bodies are usually a shade of brown or gray with darker markings on either side of. Frequently, it is found near bodies of water. Mole Kingsnakes Lampropeltis rhombomaculata are medium-sized non-venomous colubrid snakes with smooth scales, part of a group of kingsnakes called the Yellow-bellied Kingsnake species complex. Snakes don’t want anything to do with people. They are the common venomous snakes of the United States, copperheads, cottonmouths, rattlesnakes and Massasaugas. A dark streak down the head and may have a light stripe down the center of the back. 0-40. – Dekay’s brown snake can extract snails from their shells. We'll begin by talking about the smallest snake on the list – Dekay's brown snakes. L EGROS Algonquin Provincial Park, P. Because they are tiny (under a foot long), can appear almost uniformly light brown, and do not have noticeable distinguishing features, many people do not recognize them and assume they are baby copperheads. Thamnophis Sirtalis – Common Garter Snake. You can find Dekay’s brown snakes for sale at $30 to $300. Dekay's Brown Snake. 77cm) natricine snakes often found in disturbed habitats like urban and suburban yards. I haven't heard of any dekay's breeders in the US, I think Snake Discovery plans on trying to breed some - they got a bunch of babies from someone who successfully bred them. Check out Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi) on the University of Georgia’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory website (srelherp. Dark spots below eye and on temporal region. Description: Round pupils. Dekay’s Brownsnake. They have a black spot on the top of the head, black sideburns,. Their coloring is light brown to dark reddish-brown, sometimes gray, with pale brown, pale yellow, or light pink belly. Another small brown snake in Oklahoma is Dekay’s brownsnake, which is only 9 to 13 inches long. 0cm record 52. Quabbin Reservoir. Storeria dekayi. Eastern Foxsnake. DeKay's Brownsnake. Said to be one of the most inoffensive snakes in the world, the harmless DeKays earth snake is an excellent neighbor. Ring-necked Snake img source: liquidweb. They also have several black spots on either side of it. Other Names: DeKay’s Snake, Brown Snake; Adult Size: 9 to 15 inches; Lifespan: 7 years; Average Price Range: Around $20 to $30 per snake; Because the Northern Brown Snake is popular prey amongst many predators, they are, understandably, always on guard. It has also been known as the northern brownsnake. Newborn snakes are black with a lighter ring around their neck. The underside is white or light pink with dark pencil-point spots along the edges of the belly scales. Gray Ratsnake (Pantherophis spiloides) This lanky species is the longest and most common snake in Ohio. The belly is outlined with black flecks and is usually light brown but sometimes pinkish or tan. O. Dekay’s brown snake is a small, nonvenomous, snake, the second smallest snake found in Minnesota. PAHERP Resource: The Dekay’s Brown Snake. Dekay’s Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi) Given their small size, Dekay’s brown snakes. DeKay’s snake . Genus: Storeria. Pale tan or light brown below; Black vertical streak on side of head behind eye; Dorsal scales keeled (longitudinal raised ridge along midline of each scale) Juveniles darker than adults with light band across neck, sometimes confused with young ring-necked snake and red-bellied snake ; Back to top. 126K subscribers in the whatsthissnake community. 7. A vertical dark bar a short distance behind the eye. No eyelids. With an average adult size between 9 and 13 inches in length, the Dekay’s brownsnake may resemble the No. They are usually grayish brown in color with black spots on their backs. They have stout bodies with large eyes and heavily keeled scales (with raised ridges along their length). The defensive behaviors of Dekay’s Brown-snake, Storeria dekayi: an illustrated review of a diverse repertoire. Storeria dekayi; Identifying Characteristics: Adults typically range from 6 to 13 inches in length. Water Snakes In Ohio – Genus Nerodia; Dekay’s Brown Snake – Storeria dekayi; Gray Rat Snake – Pantherophis obsoleta ; Eastern Milksnake – Lampropeltis. The scales are keeled and its belly can be brown, pink, or light yellow. Kirtland’s snake is a small snake, about 14-28 inches long, that inhabits areas in the north-central Midwest. Slender snake colored tan to light brown with 32 or more blotches (broad red with black-borders) down the body in three or five rows. Dekay's brownsnake is a small snake but with almost disproportionately large eyes. This little Dekay's Brown Snake wandered into my work this morning. Depending on the snakes coloration, it can be confused with the nonvenomous DeKay’s brown snake or the harmless ringnecked snake. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. They are frequently found in backyards, usually under leaf litter or cluttered items. The record was a whopping 19 ¾ inches long. The non-venomous DeKay’s brown snake hides among leaf litter, logs, loose stones or flat rocks, and is most active at night, especially during the hotter months of the summer. Ventral scales are white or light pink with spots along the edges. Both of them grow to 5-6 feet (longer for the King Brown). This common but secretive snake flourishes in developed and urban areas. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. August 3, 2021 If you’ve ever found a snake in a backyard that you didn’t recognize, there is a very good chance it is a harmless Dekay’s or Florida Brownsnake (Storeria dekayiorS. The belly is pale pink or creamSide to Side Swaying as a Defensive Behaviour in the Dekay’s Brown-snake (Storeria dekayi) DAVID L. Size: 9-13 inches (23-33 cm) in length. Fox Snake, Eastern. Small, non-venomous, they tolerate people. brown-snakes, herping. 0 to 13. Brownsnakes Storeria dekayi are small (20. Juvenile brown snake. Brown snakes are small, have small dots, and are not venomous. Ground color is light to dark brown or gray, sometimes with a slightly yellowish or reddish tone. The head is darker than the body and one or two dark spots are usually present beneath and behind the eye. 0-40. 1. Description.